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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthogonale Matrix</span></h1>
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<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:both;text-align:left;">Durch Multiplikation mit einer orthogonalen Matrix <i>Q</i> können Vektoren gedreht (links) oder gespiegelt (rechts) werden. Die Länge der Vektoren und der Winkel zwischen den Vektoren bleiben dabei erhalten.</div></div></div>
<p>Eine <b>orthogonale Matrix</b> ist in der <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">linearen Algebra</a> eine quadratische, reelle <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a>, deren Zeilen- und Spaltenvektoren <a href="Orthonormalit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthonormalität">orthonormal</a> bezüglich des <a href="Standardskalarprodukt" title="Standardskalarprodukt">Standardskalarprodukts</a> sind. Damit ist die <a href="Inverse_Matrix" title="Inverse Matrix">Inverse</a> einer orthogonalen Matrix gleichzeitig ihre <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">Transponierte</a>.
</p><p>Orthogonale Matrizen stellen <a href="Kongruenzabbildung" title="Kongruenzabbildung">Kongruenzabbildungen</a> im <a href="Euklidischer_Raum" title="Euklidischer Raum">euklidischen Raum</a>, also <a href="Drehung" title="Drehung">Drehungen</a>, <a href="Spiegelung_(Geometrie)" title="Spiegelung (Geometrie)">Spiegelungen</a> und Kombinationen daraus, dar. Jede <a href="Orthogonale_Abbildung" title="Orthogonale Abbildung">orthogonale Abbildung</a> zwischen zwei endlichdimensionalen <a href="Skalarproduktraum" class="mw-redirect" title="Skalarproduktraum">Skalarprodukträumen</a> kann nach Wahl je einer <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> durch eine orthogonale Matrix dargestellt werden. Die Menge der orthogonalen Matrizen fester Größe bildet mit der <a href="Matrizenmultiplikation" title="Matrizenmultiplikation">Matrizenmultiplikation</a> als Verknüpfung die <a href="Orthogonale_Gruppe" title="Orthogonale Gruppe">orthogonale Gruppe</a>.
</p><p>Orthogonale Matrizen werden beispielsweise bei der <a href="Numerische_Mathematik" title="Numerische Mathematik">numerischen</a> Lösung <a href="Lineares_Gleichungssystem" title="Lineares Gleichungssystem">linearer Gleichungssysteme</a> oder <a href="Eigenwertproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwertproblem">Eigenwertprobleme</a> eingesetzt. Der analoge Begriff bei komplexen Matrizen ist die <a href="Unit%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Unitäre Matrix">unitäre Matrix</a>.
</p><p>Besitzt eine orthogonale Matrix zusätzlich einen Determinantenwert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span>, so nennt man sie <b>spezielle orthogonale Matrix</b>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Eine reelle <a href="Quadratische_Matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratische Matrix">quadratische Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
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</msup>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt orthogonal, wenn das <a href="Matrizenmultiplikation" title="Matrizenmultiplikation">Produkt</a> mit ihrer <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">transponierten Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/211b8d64756bf0020698a1974ce652ac1c0cdca1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.19ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Einheitsmatrix" title="Einheitsmatrix">Einheitsmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt, also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\cdot Q=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
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</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\cdot Q=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40be32d4e353fbc7df3f36bde4367141d001b323.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.977ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\cdot Q=I}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gilt. Werden die <a href="Spaltenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaltenvektor">Spaltenvektoren</a> der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9429a90cd0536840325d4930075fa42df13862b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.525ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet, dann ist diese Bedingung gleichbedeutend damit, dass das <a href="Standardskalarprodukt" title="Standardskalarprodukt">Standardskalarprodukt</a> zweier Spaltenvektoren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}^{\mathsf {T}}\cdot q_{j}=\delta _{ij}={\begin{cases}1&amp;{\text{falls}}~i=j\\0&amp;{\text{sonst}}\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mtext>falls</mtext>
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<mtext>sonst</mtext>
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<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}^{\mathsf {T}}\cdot q_{j}=\delta _{ij}={\begin{cases}1&amp;{\text{falls}}~i=j\\0&amp;{\text{sonst}}\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d577949377e097e17b5d6797e76e0f7c13e7bc9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.267ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}^{\mathsf {T}}\cdot q_{j}=\delta _{ij}={\begin{cases}1&amp;{\text{falls}}~i=j\\0&amp;{\text{sonst}}\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ergibt, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta _{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
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</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta _{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa75d04c11480d976e1396951e02cbb3c4f71568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.51ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta _{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Kronecker-Delta" title="Kronecker-Delta">Kronecker-Delta</a> ist. Die Spaltenvektoren einer orthogonalen Matrix bilden damit eine <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> des <a href="Koordinatenraum" title="Koordinatenraum">Koordinatenraums</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c510b63578322050121fe966f2e5770bea43308d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.897ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dies trifft auch für die Zeilenvektoren einer orthogonalen Matrix zu, denn mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> ist auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
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</msup>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/211b8d64756bf0020698a1974ce652ac1c0cdca1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.19ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}}" loading="lazy"></span> orthogonal, das heißt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\cdot Q^{\mathsf {T}}=I}">
<semantics>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\cdot Q^{\mathsf {T}}=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8409ce9061f469155bee0e3b0a39c32521ffb4cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.977ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\cdot Q^{\mathsf {T}}=I}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Auch wenn die Bezeichnung „orthogonale Matrix“ so verstanden werden könnte, reicht es nicht aus, wenn die Zeilen- oder Spaltenvektoren lediglich paarweise <a href="Orthogonalit%C3%A4t" title="Orthogonalität">orthogonal</a> sind; sie müssen zusätzlich <a href="Einheitsvektor" title="Einheitsvektor">normiert</a> sein, also die <a href="Euklidische_Norm" title="Euklidische Norm">Länge</a> eins aufweisen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konkrete_Beispiele">Konkrete Beispiele</h3></div>
<ul><li>Die Matrix</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d29d49ed8106a0c69257e0496995029538c4f79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.757ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>ist orthogonal, denn es gilt</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q={\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\cdot 0+1\cdot 1&amp;0\cdot 1+1\cdot 0\\1\cdot 0+0\cdot 1&amp;1\cdot 1+0\cdot 0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q={\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\cdot 0+1\cdot 1&amp;0\cdot 1+1\cdot 0\\1\cdot 0+0\cdot 1&amp;1\cdot 1+0\cdot 0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17f71a8ad1169945bbcaf96f73e6a4ba4a5eaf64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:75.312ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q={\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\cdot 0+1\cdot 1&amp;0\cdot 1+1\cdot 0\\1\cdot 0+0\cdot 1&amp;1\cdot 1+0\cdot 0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}=I}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Auch die Matrix</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {1}{5}}{\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;4\\-4&amp;3\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={\frac {1}{5}}{\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;4\\-4&amp;3\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a06bd2496d35a07d700d7f39d17bb1d6e41dfe3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:17.564ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {1}{5}}{\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;4\\-4&amp;3\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>ist orthogonal, denn es gilt</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q={\frac {1}{5}}{\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;-4\\4&amp;3\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\frac {1}{5}}{\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;4\\-4&amp;3\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{25}}{\begin{pmatrix}9+16&amp;12-12\\12-12&amp;16+9\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{25}}{\begin{pmatrix}25&amp;0\\0&amp;25\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>25</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>16</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>12</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>12</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>25</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>25</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>25</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q={\frac {1}{5}}{\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;-4\\4&amp;3\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\frac {1}{5}}{\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;4\\-4&amp;3\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{25}}{\begin{pmatrix}9+16&amp;12-12\\12-12&amp;16+9\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{25}}{\begin{pmatrix}25&amp;0\\0&amp;25\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c932d6dd77d95b0ae1be670d8f35dfd7ee99adc7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:96.775ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q={\frac {1}{5}}{\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;-4\\4&amp;3\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\frac {1}{5}}{\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;4\\-4&amp;3\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{25}}{\begin{pmatrix}9+16&amp;12-12\\12-12&amp;16+9\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{25}}{\begin{pmatrix}25&amp;0\\0&amp;25\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}=I}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allgemeine_Beispiele">Allgemeine Beispiele</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Permutationsmatrix" title="Permutationsmatrix">Permutationsmatrizen</a>, also Matrizen, bei denen genau ein Eintrag pro Zeile und Spalte gleich eins ist und alle anderen Einträge null sind, sind orthogonal. Bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\pi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\pi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f41749080598a06bf8cb14fd5a65bf46d8da0745.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\pi }}" loading="lazy"></span> die zu einer <a href="Permutation" title="Permutation">Permutation</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> zugehörige Permutationsmatrix, dann gilt</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\pi }^{\mathsf {T}}\,P_{\pi }=P_{\pi ^{-1}}\,P_{\pi }=P_{\pi ^{-1}\circ \pi }=P_{\mathrm {id} }=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\pi }^{\mathsf {T}}\,P_{\pi }=P_{\pi ^{-1}}\,P_{\pi }=P_{\pi ^{-1}\circ \pi }=P_{\mathrm {id} }=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30d9ee5cee6041d8bcbd15d25241aea337a6316b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.78ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\pi }^{\mathsf {T}}\,P_{\pi }=P_{\pi ^{-1}}\,P_{\pi }=P_{\pi ^{-1}\circ \pi }=P_{\mathrm {id} }=I}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>denn die transponierte Permutationsmatrix ist gleich der Permutationsmatrix der <a href="Inverse_Permutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse Permutation">inversen Permutation</a>, die alle Vertauschungen rückgängig macht, und das Produkt von Permutationsmatrizen entspricht der <a href="Komposition_(Mathematik)" title="Komposition (Mathematik)">Hintereinanderausführung</a> der Permutationen. Die <a href="Vorzeichenbehaftete_Permutationsmatrix" title="Vorzeichenbehaftete Permutationsmatrix">vorzeichenbehafteten Permutationsmatrizen</a>, bei denen in jeder Zeile und Spalte genau ein Eintrag plus oder minus eins ist und alle übrigen Einträge null sind, sind genau die <a href="Ganze_Zahl" title="Ganze Zahl">ganzzahligen</a> orthogonalen Matrizen.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Drehmatrix" title="Drehmatrix">Drehmatrizen</a>, also Matrizen, die eine <a href="Drehung" title="Drehung">Drehung</a> um den <a href="Koordinatenursprung" class="mw-redirect" title="Koordinatenursprung">Koordinatenursprung</a> in der <a href="Euklidische_Ebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Euklidische Ebene">euklidischen Ebene</a> beschreiben, sind orthogonal. Bezeichnet</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\alpha }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \alpha &amp;-\sin \alpha \\\sin \alpha &amp;\cos \alpha \end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\alpha }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \alpha &amp;-\sin \alpha \\\sin \alpha &amp;\cos \alpha \end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b429d658bd8cb4764e8c68cd00241a9c88a2c07f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.553ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\alpha }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \alpha &amp;-\sin \alpha \\\sin \alpha &amp;\cos \alpha \end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>die Drehmatrix einer Drehung um einen Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>, die den Ursprung festlässt, dann gilt mit dem „<a href="Trigonometrischer_Pythagoras" title="Trigonometrischer Pythagoras">trigonometrischen Pythagoras</a>“</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\alpha }^{\mathsf {T}}\,R_{\alpha }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos ^{2}\alpha +\sin ^{2}\alpha &amp;-\cos \alpha \sin \alpha +\sin \alpha \cos \alpha \\-\sin \alpha \cos \alpha +\cos \alpha \sin \alpha &amp;\sin ^{2}\alpha +\cos ^{2}\alpha \end{pmatrix}}=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\alpha }^{\mathsf {T}}\,R_{\alpha }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos ^{2}\alpha +\sin ^{2}\alpha &amp;-\cos \alpha \sin \alpha +\sin \alpha \cos \alpha \\-\sin \alpha \cos \alpha +\cos \alpha \sin \alpha &amp;\sin ^{2}\alpha +\cos ^{2}\alpha \end{pmatrix}}=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e898b954eedfad804c05e2f79ed271e13293f4c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:70.899ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\alpha }^{\mathsf {T}}\,R_{\alpha }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos ^{2}\alpha +\sin ^{2}\alpha &amp;-\cos \alpha \sin \alpha +\sin \alpha \cos \alpha \\-\sin \alpha \cos \alpha +\cos \alpha \sin \alpha &amp;\sin ^{2}\alpha +\cos ^{2}\alpha \end{pmatrix}}=I}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>Allgemeiner sind auch Drehmatrizen, die eine Drehung in einer beliebigen <a href="Ursprungsebene" title="Ursprungsebene">Ursprungsebene</a> im <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Raum beschreiben, orthogonal.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Spiegelungsmatrix" title="Spiegelungsmatrix">Spiegelungsmatrizen</a>, also Matrizen, die eine (senkrechte) <a href="Spiegelung_(Geometrie)" title="Spiegelung (Geometrie)">Spiegelung</a> an einer <a href="Ursprungsgerade" title="Ursprungsgerade">Ursprungsgerade</a> in der euklidischen Ebene beschreiben, sind orthogonal. Bezeichnet</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{n}=I-2nn^{\mathsf {T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{n}=I-2nn^{\mathsf {T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/166e50eedb3ebac6c4e7e9d8493a91a7803f6383.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.057ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{n}=I-2nn^{\mathsf {T}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>die Spiegelungsmatrix einer Spiegelung an einer Ursprungsgerade mit Einheits-<a href="Normalenvektor" title="Normalenvektor">Normalenvektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{n}^{\mathsf {T}}\,S_{n}=S_{n}\,S_{n}=(I-2nn^{\mathsf {T}})\,(I-2nn^{\mathsf {T}})=I-4nn^{\mathsf {T}}+4n(n^{\mathsf {T}}n)n^{\mathsf {T}}=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{n}^{\mathsf {T}}\,S_{n}=S_{n}\,S_{n}=(I-2nn^{\mathsf {T}})\,(I-2nn^{\mathsf {T}})=I-4nn^{\mathsf {T}}+4n(n^{\mathsf {T}}n)n^{\mathsf {T}}=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/033c7b4b73f1a5f5af313ea793c0d30ee2132d86.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:71.189ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{n}^{\mathsf {T}}\,S_{n}=S_{n}\,S_{n}=(I-2nn^{\mathsf {T}})\,(I-2nn^{\mathsf {T}})=I-4nn^{\mathsf {T}}+4n(n^{\mathsf {T}}n)n^{\mathsf {T}}=I}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>denn Spiegelungsmatrizen sind <a href="Symmetrische_Matrix" title="Symmetrische Matrix">symmetrisch</a> und für einen <a href="Einheitsvektor" title="Einheitsvektor">Einheitsvektor</a> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n^{\mathsf {T}}n=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n^{\mathsf {T}}n=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d88ea862e5131ca4582b902657a483047a864987.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.402ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n^{\mathsf {T}}n=1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Allgemeiner sind auch Matrizen, die Spiegelungen an einem beliebigen <a href="Untervektorraum" title="Untervektorraum">Untervektorraum</a> im <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Raum (beispielsweise einer <a href="Hyperebene" title="Hyperebene">Hyperebene</a>) beschreiben, orthogonal.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inverse">Inverse</h3></div>
<p>Eine orthogonale Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist aufgrund der <a href="Lineare_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit" title="Lineare Unabhängigkeit">linearen Unabhängigkeit</a> ihrer Zeilen- und Spaltenvektoren stets <a href="Regul%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Reguläre Matrix">regulär</a>. Die <a href="Inverse_Matrix" title="Inverse Matrix">Inverse</a> einer orthogonalen Matrix ist dabei gleich ihrer Transponierten, das heißt, es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}=Q^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}=Q^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/16cb038ef2ee462d8dc142afbe97d544cfca478c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.459ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}=Q^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Inverse einer Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> ist nämlich gerade diejenige Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c45abf9b8f980daa4d5604a2c70bb3dbaa901082.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.171ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, für die
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\,Q^{-1}=Q^{-1}\,Q=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\,Q^{-1}=Q^{-1}\,Q=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/091b3c78f140981f9ece5e920c3d2587e14f0d88.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.162ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\,Q^{-1}=Q^{-1}\,Q=I}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gilt. Aus der zweiten Gleichung folgt weiterhin, dass die Transponierte einer orthogonalen Matrix orthogonal ist. Es gilt auch die Umkehrung und jede Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Transponierte gleich ihrer Inversen ist, ist orthogonal, denn es gilt dann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q=Q^{-1}\,Q=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q=Q^{-1}\,Q=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b33cf7f18e34deab313dcf2bcd68132105c513f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.18ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q=Q^{-1}\,Q=I}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Längen-_und_Winkeltreue"><span id="L.C3.A4ngen-_und_Winkeltreue"></span>Längen- und Winkeltreue</h3></div>
<p>Wird ein Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c520ee2cb6ccf8a93c89a8c58a8378796bd52e53.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.067ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> multipliziert, ändert sich die Länge (<a href="Euklidische_Norm" title="Euklidische Norm">euklidische Norm</a>) des Vektors nicht, das heißt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|Q\,x\|_{2}=\|x\|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|Q\,x\|_{2}=\|x\|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a842c0b195314fcc380ff6b874c768cc8b43b953.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.742ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|Q\,x\|_{2}=\|x\|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Weiter ist das Standardskalarprodukt zweier Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/968ade084462d5ec7193a762f77904c61ab42822.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.256ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> invariant bezüglich der Multiplikation mit einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span>, also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle Q\,x,Q\,y\right\rangle =\left\langle x,y\right\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle Q\,x,Q\,y\right\rangle =\left\langle x,y\right\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77dfa81086ebe4b17cef5653840fdcfa6620cf56.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.206ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle Q\,x,Q\,y\right\rangle =\left\langle x,y\right\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Damit bleibt auch der <a href="Standardskalarprodukt#Winkel" title="Standardskalarprodukt">Winkel</a> zwischen den beiden Vektoren erhalten. Beide Eigenschaften folgen direkt aus der <a href="Standardskalarprodukt#Verschiebungseigenschaft" title="Standardskalarprodukt">Verschiebungseigenschaft</a> des Standardskalarprodukts. Aufgrund dieser Längen- und Winkeltreue stellt die <a href="Lineare_Abbildung" title="Lineare Abbildung">lineare Abbildung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} ^{n},x\mapsto Q\,x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} ^{n},x\mapsto Q\,x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55f46e4f5d9ec40189a8ba1fd07ad409883e7834.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.252ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} ^{n},x\mapsto Q\,x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eine <a href="Kongruenzabbildung" title="Kongruenzabbildung">Kongruenzabbildung</a> im euklidischen Raum dar. Umgekehrt ist die <a href="Abbildungsmatrix" title="Abbildungsmatrix">Abbildungsmatrix</a> bezüglich der <a href="Standardbasis" title="Standardbasis">Standardbasis</a> jeder winkeltreuen linearen Abbildung im euklidischen Raum orthogonal. Aufgrund der <a href="Polarisationsformel" title="Polarisationsformel">Polarisationsformel</a> ist auch jede längentreue Abbildung winkeltreu.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determinante">Determinante</h3></div>
<p>Für den <a href="Betragsfunktion" title="Betragsfunktion">Betrag</a> der <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a> einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\det Q|=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\det Q|=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebbba7561fdce787dbb47551b44108c0929c6053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.397ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\det Q|=1}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>was mit Hilfe des <a href="Determinantenproduktsatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Determinantenproduktsatz">Determinantenproduktsatzes</a> über
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\operatorname {det} Q)^{2}=\det Q\cdot \det Q=\det Q^{\mathsf {T}}\cdot \det Q=\det(Q^{\mathsf {T}}Q)=\det I=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>det</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
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<mi>Q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\operatorname {det} Q)^{2}=\det Q\cdot \det Q=\det Q^{\mathsf {T}}\cdot \det Q=\det(Q^{\mathsf {T}}Q)=\det I=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0568d5b514dc10be0c22fbd73bae8245cbd71203.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:66.358ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\operatorname {det} Q)^{2}=\det Q\cdot \det Q=\det Q^{\mathsf {T}}\cdot \det Q=\det(Q^{\mathsf {T}}Q)=\det I=1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>folgt. Damit kann die Determinante einer orthogonalen Matrix nur die Werte eins oder minus eins annehmen. Es gibt allerdings auch nicht-orthogonale Matrizen, deren Determinante plus oder minus eins ist, zum Beispiel <a href="Spezielle_lineare_Gruppe" title="Spezielle lineare Gruppe">unimodulare Matrizen</a>. Orthogonale Matrizen, deren Determinante eins ist, entsprechen Drehungen. Man spricht dann auch von einer eigentlich orthogonalen Matrix. Orthogonale Matrizen, deren Determinante minus eins ist, stellen <a href="Drehspiegelung" title="Drehspiegelung">Drehspiegelungen</a> dar. Man spricht dann auch von einer uneigentlich orthogonalen Matrix.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eigenwerte">Eigenwerte</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwerte</a> einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind nicht notwendigerweise alle reell. Sie haben jedoch den <a href="Betragsfunktion#Komplexe_Betragsfunktion" title="Betragsfunktion">komplexen Betrag</a> eins, sind also von der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda =e^{it}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda =e^{it}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7713c51c38e79510db6008e4d15b2a8b4c023937.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.931ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda =e^{it}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/592bced0c39b10fc90e74c6a66223abfbfb029de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.358ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Ist nämlich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> ein zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> gehöriger Eigenvektor, dann gilt aufgrund der Längentreue und der absoluten Homogenität einer <a href="Norm_(Mathematik)" title="Norm (Mathematik)">Norm</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|x\|_{2}=\|Q\,x\|_{2}=\|\lambda \,x\|_{2}=|\lambda |\,\|x\|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|x\|_{2}=\|Q\,x\|_{2}=\|\lambda \,x\|_{2}=|\lambda |\,\|x\|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/273de99cfe1f3b3e49720a8aff829d20f4e2dcb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|x\|_{2}=\|Q\,x\|_{2}=\|\lambda \,x\|_{2}=|\lambda |\,\|x\|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und daher <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\lambda |=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\lambda |=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3f99c7b1dc3696f6e900ea51d946e4da3915f7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.91ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\lambda |=1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Eine orthogonale Matrix besitzt demnach höchstens die reellen Eigenwerte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bfeaa85da53ad1947d8000926cfea33827ef1e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm 1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die komplexen Eigenwerte treten immer paarweise <a href="Komplexe_Konjugation" title="Komplexe Konjugation">komplex konjugiert</a> auf, das heißt mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda =e^{it}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda =e^{it}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7713c51c38e79510db6008e4d15b2a8b4c023937.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.931ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda =e^{it}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}=e^{-it}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}=e^{-it}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63dcb63d1c01a6761f6dfd61719514a9d505edd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.209ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}=e^{-it}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Eigenwert, denn
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q{\bar {x}}={\overline {Qx}}={\overline {\lambda x}}={\bar {\lambda }}{\bar {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q{\bar {x}}={\overline {Qx}}={\overline {\lambda x}}={\bar {\lambda }}{\bar {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64c261c86048b6652941cf42df2ba2c2a456fedd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.231ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q{\bar {x}}={\overline {Qx}}={\overline {\lambda x}}={\bar {\lambda }}{\bar {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Demnach besitzt eine orthogonale Matrix ungerader Dimension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> mindestens einen reellen Eigenwert (siehe auch den <a href="Satz_vom_Fu%C3%9Fball" title="Satz vom Fußball">Satz vom Fußball</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagonalisierbarkeit">Diagonalisierbarkeit</h3></div>
<p>Eine orthogonale Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Normale_Matrix" title="Normale Matrix">normal</a>, das heißt, es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\,Q^{\mathsf {T}}=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\,Q^{\mathsf {T}}=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ef207603fae019e1b1490c1b3fa6cba0458dba5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.929ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\,Q^{\mathsf {T}}=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>und damit über den <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexen Zahlen</a> unitär <a href="Diagonalisierbarkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagonalisierbarkeit">diagonalisierbar</a>. Nach dem <a href="Spektralsatz" title="Spektralsatz">Spektralsatz</a> gibt es nämlich eine <a href="Unit%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Unitäre Matrix">unitäre Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\in \mathbb {C} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\in \mathbb {C} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5456850376e308334cb09a4ea84e299b3e5bc21d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.785ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\in \mathbb {C} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, sodass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U^{-1}\,Q\,U=D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U^{-1}\,Q\,U=D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b388abc9c27ca331b3e694e8203e726a04e40c97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.592ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U^{-1}\,Q\,U=D}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gilt, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D\in \mathbb {C} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D\in \mathbb {C} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f56f65a7a69c20de0b6457c8dc840825257bb42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.926ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D\in \mathbb {C} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Diagonalmatrix mit den Eigenwerten von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Die Spaltenvektoren von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> sind dann paarweise orthonormale Eigenvektoren von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span>. Damit sind auch die <a href="Eigenraum" title="Eigenraum">Eigenräume</a> einer orthogonalen Matrix paarweise orthogonal.
</p><p>Im Allgemeinen ist eine orthogonale Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> jedoch nicht reell diagonalisierbar. Es existiert allerdings eine orthogonale Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c19605a27aea48375692b8441411ab119118315.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.789ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, sodass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V^{-1}\,Q\,V={\begin{pmatrix}D_{1}&amp;&amp;0\\&amp;\ddots &amp;\\0&amp;&amp;D_{s}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V^{-1}\,Q\,V={\begin{pmatrix}D_{1}&amp;&amp;0\\&amp;\ddots &amp;\\0&amp;&amp;D_{s}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae619e791a8a886d9e846a7f4bf817c2dbe806e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.005ex; width:30.096ex; height:11.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V^{-1}\,Q\,V={\begin{pmatrix}D_{1}&amp;&amp;0\\&amp;\ddots &amp;\\0&amp;&amp;D_{s}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eine <a href="Blockdiagonalmatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockdiagonalmatrix">Blockdiagonalmatrix</a> ergibt, bei der die einzelnen Blöcke entweder Drehmatrizen der Größe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\times 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\times 2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8a0e3400ffb97d67c00267ed50cddfe824cbe80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.165ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\times 2}" loading="lazy"></span> sind oder aus der Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d04cf05c67d41d9f39dabf6a90722ce860a76958.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/704fb0427140d054dd267925495e78164fee9aac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1}" loading="lazy"></span> bestehen. Diese Darstellung wird auch Normalform einer orthogonalen Matrix genannt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normen">Normen</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Spektralnorm" title="Spektralnorm">Spektralnorm</a> einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|Q\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|Q\,x\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|x\|_{2}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|Q\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|Q\,x\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|x\|_{2}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/221c9ac82fed6e2fbc06ddf8e1ff1506b8257775.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:39.125ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|Q\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|Q\,x\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|x\|_{2}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für die <a href="Frobeniusnorm" title="Frobeniusnorm">Frobeniusnorm</a> gilt mit dem <a href="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt" title="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt">Frobenius-Skalarprodukt</a> entsprechend
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|Q\|_{F}={\sqrt {\langle Q,Q\rangle _{F}}}={\sqrt {\langle I,I\rangle _{F}}}={\sqrt {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|Q\|_{F}={\sqrt {\langle Q,Q\rangle _{F}}}={\sqrt {\langle I,I\rangle _{F}}}={\sqrt {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6157f2f28f0265f705cf80c9489dfeced3741356.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:37.533ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|Q\|_{F}={\sqrt {\langle Q,Q\rangle _{F}}}={\sqrt {\langle I,I\rangle _{F}}}={\sqrt {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Das Produkt mit einer orthogonalen Matrix erhält sowohl die Spektralnorm, als auch die Frobeniusnorm einer gegebenen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebb63eca276c71633e0939f5c5d4ef4bfc565518.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.745ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, denn es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|Q\,A\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|Q\,A\,x\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|A\,x\|_{2}=\|A\|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|Q\,A\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|Q\,A\,x\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|A\,x\|_{2}=\|A\|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb495b73c41078cca3874aebc1687f9f29a66b19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:49.476ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|Q\,A\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|Q\,A\,x\|_{2}=\max _{\|x\|_{2}=1}\|A\,x\|_{2}=\|A\|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|Q\,A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\langle Q\,A,Q\,A\rangle _{F}}}={\sqrt {\langle A,A\rangle _{F}}}=\|A\|_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|Q\,A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\langle Q\,A,Q\,A\rangle _{F}}}={\sqrt {\langle A,A\rangle _{F}}}=\|A\|_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5fa117986380a24daecc863b75124149c3b0671.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:47.267ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|Q\,A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\langle Q\,A,Q\,A\rangle _{F}}}={\sqrt {\langle A,A\rangle _{F}}}=\|A\|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Damit bleibt auch die <a href="Kondition_(Mathematik)" title="Kondition (Mathematik)">Kondition</a> einer Matrix bezüglich dieser <a href="Matrixnorm" title="Matrixnorm">Normen</a> nach Multiplikation mit einer orthogonalen Matrix erhalten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthogonale_Matrizen_als_Gruppe">Orthogonale Matrizen als Gruppe</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Orthogonale_Gruppe" title="Orthogonale Gruppe">Orthogonale Gruppe</a></i></div>
<p>Die Menge der regulären Matrizen fester Größe bildet mit der Matrizenmultiplikation als <a href="Verkn%C3%BCpfung_(Mathematik)" title="Verknüpfung (Mathematik)">Verknüpfung</a> eine <a href="Gruppe_(Mathematik)" title="Gruppe (Mathematik)">Gruppe</a>, die <a href="Allgemeine_lineare_Gruppe" title="Allgemeine lineare Gruppe">allgemeine lineare Gruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (n,\mathbb {R} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (n,\mathbb {R} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c32cfbbae2e2ae75b6647a2bda87942637fe4bc1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.193ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (n,\mathbb {R} )}" loading="lazy"></span>. Als <a href="Neutrales_Element" title="Neutrales Element">neutrales Element</a> dient dabei die Einheitsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die orthogonalen Matrizen bilden eine <a href="Untergruppe" title="Untergruppe">Untergruppe</a> der allgemeinen linearen Gruppe, die <a href="Orthogonale_Gruppe" title="Orthogonale Gruppe">orthogonale Gruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (n)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (n)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1471779b64c8868583dcd50e3c6381293f0dd67f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.012ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (n)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das Produkt zweier orthogonaler Matrizen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P,Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P,Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/065c165e72d5062d7bb89a45c20e5db5810a5b5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.62ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P,Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist nämlich wieder orthogonal, denn es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (P\,Q)^{\mathsf {T}}\,(P\,Q)=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,(P^{\mathsf {T}}\,P)\,Q=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>P</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>P</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
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</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (P\,Q)^{\mathsf {T}}\,(P\,Q)=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,(P^{\mathsf {T}}\,P)\,Q=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37320a319778cc3be3b98760392b5c04dce04e56.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:42.098ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (P\,Q)^{\mathsf {T}}\,(P\,Q)=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,(P^{\mathsf {T}}\,P)\,Q=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q=I}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Weiter ist die Inverse einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ebenfalls orthogonal, denn es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (Q^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q^{-1}=(Q^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q^{\mathsf {T}}=(Q\,Q^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}=I^{\mathsf {T}}=I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
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</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (Q^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q^{-1}=(Q^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q^{\mathsf {T}}=(Q\,Q^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}=I^{\mathsf {T}}=I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a562d8ad72e4caecc56fd55ee89f7fd8e9300bee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:48.49ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (Q^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q^{-1}=(Q^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}\,Q^{\mathsf {T}}=(Q\,Q^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}=I^{\mathsf {T}}=I}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die orthogonalen Matrizen mit Determinante eins, also die Drehmatrizen, bilden wiederum eine Untergruppe der orthogonalen Gruppe, die <a href="Drehgruppe" title="Drehgruppe">Drehgruppe</a> (oder <i>spezielle orthogonale Gruppe</i>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} (n)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} (n)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fa71842f19b6810b4bfa9eb282e92fbf285094e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.305ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} (n)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Ein Elemente in dieser Gruppe nennt man <b>spezielle orthogonale Matrix</b>. Dabei handelt es sich um eine <a href="Lie-Gruppe" title="Lie-Gruppe">Lie-Gruppe</a>, d.&nbsp;h. die Gruppenoperationen sind verträglich mit dem Differenzieren in der Gruppe, und Elemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} (n)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} (n)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fa71842f19b6810b4bfa9eb282e92fbf285094e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.305ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} (n)}" loading="lazy"></span> lassen sich als Exponentiale von Matrizen aus der zugehörigen <a href="Lie-Algebra" title="Lie-Algebra">Lie-Algebra</a> darstellen. Die orthogonalen Matrizen mit Determinante minus eins, also die Drehspiegelungen, bilden keine Untergruppe der orthogonalen Gruppe, sondern lediglich eine <a href="Nebenklasse_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebenklasse (Mathematik)">Nebenklasse</a>, denn ihnen fehlt das neutrale Element.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineare_Gleichungssysteme">Lineare Gleichungssysteme</h3></div>
<p>Die Lösung <a href="Lineares_Gleichungssystem" title="Lineares Gleichungssystem">linearer Gleichungssysteme</a> der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\,x=b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\,x=b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55f6bddaeb99826e9171292eff7da29eb3325be7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.651ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\,x=b}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einer rechten Seite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76d249a48ea295259b826259e484d5bacad0e068.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.735ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich <a href="Numerische_Mathematik" title="Numerische Mathematik">numerisch</a> effizient durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a713927a442235ba1aa1b0b3164623d40453c603.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.003ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=Q^{\mathsf {T}}\,b}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>berechnen. Die Ermittlung der Lösung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c520ee2cb6ccf8a93c89a8c58a8378796bd52e53.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.067ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> erfordert also lediglich eine <a href="Matrix-Vektor-Multiplikation" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix-Vektor-Multiplikation">Matrix-Vektor-Multiplikation</a>, die mit einem Aufwand der <a href="Landau-Symbole" title="Landau-Symbole">Ordnung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6cd9594a16cb898b8f2a2dff9227a385ec183392.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.032ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> durchgeführt werden kann. Im Vergleich dazu benötigt die Lösung allgemeiner linearer Gleichungssysteme beispielsweise mit Hilfe der <a href="Gau%C3%9F-Elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauß-Elimination">Gauß-Elimination</a> einen Aufwand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O(n^{3})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O(n^{3})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b04f5c5cfea38f43406d9442387ad28555e2609.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.032ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O(n^{3})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dieser Vorteil wird beispielsweise bei der (reellen) <a href="Diskrete_Fourier-Transformation" title="Diskrete Fourier-Transformation">diskreten Fourier-Transformation</a> und der <a href="Diskrete_Kosinustransformation" title="Diskrete Kosinustransformation">diskreten Kosinus-Transformation</a> genutzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrixzerlegungen">Matrixzerlegungen</h3></div>
<p>Eine weitere Anwendung orthogonaler Matrizen ist die <a href="QR-Zerlegung" title="QR-Zerlegung">QR-Zerlegung</a> einer gegebenen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8025ab71ecd74b01e89f6918676203ad16cdc4a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.202ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Produkt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=Q\,R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=Q\,R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23d144c5dac8dcd0544f7e70eda8db0b3f69c305.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.831ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=Q\,R}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ffde5216a623d0ca8d7e6bbc62de5fadcea1977.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.753ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times m}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einer oberen <a href="Dreiecksmatrix" title="Dreiecksmatrix">Dreiecksmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac501d67baeb3b89e37faa103faf055e36112d16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.223ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Konstruktion der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> kann dabei mit <a href="Givens-Rotation" title="Givens-Rotation">Givens-Rotationen</a>, die Drehungen entsprechen, oder <a href="Householdertransformation" title="Householdertransformation">Householdertransformationen</a>, die Spiegelungen entsprechen, durchgeführt werden. QR-Zerlegungen werden in der Numerik bei der Lösung schlecht konditionierter, überbestimmter oder unterbestimmter linearer Gleichungssysteme eingesetzt. Ein weiteres Anwendungsfeld besteht in der Berechnung von Eigenwertproblemen mit dem <a href="QR-Algorithmus" title="QR-Algorithmus">QR-Algorithmus</a>.
</p><p>Mit Hilfe der <a href="Singul%C3%A4rwertzerlegung" title="Singulärwertzerlegung">Singulärwertzerlegung</a> lässt sich jede reelle Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8025ab71ecd74b01e89f6918676203ad16cdc4a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.202ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> auch als Produkt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=U\,\Sigma \,V^{\mathsf {T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=U\,\Sigma \,V^{\mathsf {T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00e77493897dd17f2e3d68fdd512eaa76ec85825.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.345ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=U\,\Sigma \,V^{\mathsf {T}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27f679b13acd7d439cc40a5b9da8e3f89ea35df3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.698ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times m}}" loading="lazy"></span>, einer <a href="Diagonalmatrix" title="Diagonalmatrix">Diagonalmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma \in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma \in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7039af8ebdc47293afa59c236deca9d12169fbc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.137ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma \in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Transponierten einer weiteren orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c19605a27aea48375692b8441411ab119118315.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.789ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> darstellen. Die Diagonaleinträge der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e1f558f53cda207614abdf90162266c70bc5c1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> sind dann die Singulärwerte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Singulärwertzerlegung wird beispielsweise in der <a href="Geometrie" title="Geometrie">Geometrie</a> bei der <a href="Hauptachsentransformation" title="Hauptachsentransformation">Hauptachsentransformation</a> von <a href="Quadrik" title="Quadrik">Quadriken</a> und in der <a href="Statistik" title="Statistik">Statistik</a> bei der <a href="Hauptkomponentenanalyse" title="Hauptkomponentenanalyse">Hauptkomponentenanalyse</a> multivariater Datensätze eingesetzt.
</p><p>Eine quadratische Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebb63eca276c71633e0939f5c5d4ef4bfc565518.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.745ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> kann mittels der <a href="Polarzerlegung" title="Polarzerlegung">Polarzerlegung</a> auch als Produkt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=Q\,P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=Q\,P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9282ae920fc35bafe559f24330c0a4822546462a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.812ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=Q\,P}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>einer orthogonalen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f872946a21775ec38fa1cb914276a0899745863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einer <a href="Positiv_semidefinit" class="mw-redirect" title="Positiv semidefinit">positiv semidefiniten</a> symmetrischen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2369078dee2e6186b7dfca7d4866543880bdb627.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.747ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> faktorisiert werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthogonale_Abbildungen">Orthogonale Abbildungen</h3></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (V,\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (V,\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07d89cdf91d100d247a9b5e39f2b4249ad7134e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.767ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (V,\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle )}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionaler reeller <a href="Skalarproduktraum" class="mw-redirect" title="Skalarproduktraum">Skalarproduktraum</a>, dann lässt sich jede <a href="Lineare_Abbildung" title="Lineare Abbildung">lineare Abbildung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon V\to V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon V\to V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7cdad235875fd740596e229f36847d469955d96c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.501ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon V\to V}" loading="lazy"></span> nach Wahl einer Orthonormalbasis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/014c2407d0cf40698e1a1ba829d2622919d89ede.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.943ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n}\}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die <a href="Abbildungsmatrix" title="Abbildungsmatrix">Abbildungsmatrix</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{f}=(a_{ij})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{f}=(a_{ij})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7bc4b52dce22f97cdf9b7db1ff89b5f2a7cda99b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.496ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{f}=(a_{ij})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>darstellen, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(e_{j})=a_{1j}e_{1}+\dotsb +a_{nj}e_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(e_{j})=a_{1j}e_{1}+\dotsb +a_{nj}e_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/009649893adb930e7ba586389768422ad89ff37f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.111ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(e_{j})=a_{1j}e_{1}+\dotsb +a_{nj}e_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j=1,\dotsc ,n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j=1,\dotsc ,n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb2ddca4fb9adff031ab816398e5549ff396dbf3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:11.819ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j=1,\dotsc ,n}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Die Abbildungsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e9cba7c44dc1773496e4ffc9c7e0be19c591369.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.879ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist nun genau dann orthogonal, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Orthogonale_Abbildung" title="Orthogonale Abbildung">orthogonale Abbildung</a> ist. Dies folgt aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle f(v),f(w)\rangle =(A_{f}x)^{\mathsf {T}}(A_{f}y)=x^{\mathsf {T}}A_{f}^{\mathsf {T}}A_{f}y=x^{\mathsf {T}}y=\langle v,w\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle f(v),f(w)\rangle =(A_{f}x)^{\mathsf {T}}(A_{f}y)=x^{\mathsf {T}}A_{f}^{\mathsf {T}}A_{f}y=x^{\mathsf {T}}y=\langle v,w\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c40703505bcb1ebeb3055f69d179383e412eeda0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:56.701ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle f(v),f(w)\rangle =(A_{f}x)^{\mathsf {T}}(A_{f}y)=x^{\mathsf {T}}A_{f}^{\mathsf {T}}A_{f}y=x^{\mathsf {T}}y=\langle v,w\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=x_{1}e_{1}+\dotsb +x_{n}e_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=x_{1}e_{1}+\dotsb +x_{n}e_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/871d0b120728a3bc16a4966101e12969e2a2c87c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.002ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=x_{1}e_{1}+\dotsb +x_{n}e_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w=y_{1}e_{1}+\dotsb +y_{n}e_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w=y_{1}e_{1}+\dotsb +y_{n}e_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07df66c57da27f92e7bcac59f554aff7699f173a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.157ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w=y_{1}e_{1}+\dotsb +y_{n}e_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Euklidische_Transformation" title="Euklidische Transformation">Euklidische Transformation</a></li>
<li><a href="Orthogonalisierungsverfahren" title="Orthogonalisierungsverfahren">Orthogonalisierungsverfahren</a></li>
<li><a href="Orthogonaler_Tensor" title="Orthogonaler Tensor">Orthogonaler Tensor</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Gerd_Fischer_(Mathematiker)" title="Gerd Fischer (Mathematiker)">Gerd Fischer</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lineare Algebra. (Eine Einführung für Studienanfänger)</cite>. 14., durchgesehene Auflage. Vieweg, 2003, ISBN 3-528-03217-0.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Orthogonale+Matrix&amp;rft.au=Gerd+Fischer&amp;rft.btitle=Lineare+Algebra.+%28Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+f%C3%BCr+Studienanf%C3%A4nger%29&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.edition=14.%2C+durchgesehene&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3528032170&amp;rft.pub=Vieweg" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Jörg Liesen, <a href="Volker_Mehrmann" title="Volker Mehrmann">Volker Mehrmann</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lineare Algebra</cite>. 3. Auflage. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2021, ISBN 978-3-662-62741-9, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62742-6">10.1007/978-3-662-62742-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Orthogonale+Matrix&amp;rft.au=J%C3%B6rg+Liesen%2C+Volker+Mehrmann&amp;rft.btitle=Lineare+Algebra&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-62742-6&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783662627419&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Hans Rudolf Schwarz, Norbert Köckler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Numerische Mathematik</cite>. Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8348-0683-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Orthogonale+Matrix&amp;rft.au=Hans+Rudolf+Schwarz%2C+Norbert+K%C3%B6ckler&amp;rft.btitle=Numerische+Mathematik&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783834806833&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Eberhard_Zeidler_(Mathematiker)" title="Eberhard Zeidler (Mathematiker)">Eberhard Zeidler</a>, <a href="Wolfgang_Hackbusch" title="Wolfgang Hackbusch">Wolfgang Hackbusch</a> (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Taschenbuch der Mathematik</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>. Springer, 2012, ISBN 978-3-8351-0123-4.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Orthogonale+Matrix&amp;rft.btitle=Taschenbuch+der+Mathematik&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783835101234&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.volume=1" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>D. A. Suprunenko: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Orthogonal matrix</cite>. In: <a href="Michiel_Hazewinkel" title="Michiel Hazewinkel">Michiel Hazewinkel</a> (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Mathematics">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></cite>. Springer-Verlag und <a href="European_Mathematical_Society" title="European Mathematical Society">EMS</a> Press, Berlin 2002, ISBN 1-55608-010-7 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Orthogonal_matrix">encyclopediaofmath.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Orthogonale+Matrix&amp;rft.atitle=Orthogonal+matrix&amp;rft.au=D.+A.+Suprunenko&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1556080107&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+und+EMS+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>Todd Rowland: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/OrthogonalMatrix.html"><i>Orthogonal Matrix</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li>
<li>akrowne: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetmath.org/orthogonalmatrices"><i>Orthogonal matrices</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="PlanetMath" title="PlanetMath">PlanetMath</a>.</i> (englisch)</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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